Mast cells and IgE orchestrate defense against venoms and Staphylococcus aureus: insights into the “good side” of allergy.

Stephen J. Galli, MD, is the former Chair of Pathology (1999-2016) and current Mary Hewitt Loveless, MD Professor and Professor of Pathology and of Microbiology and Immunology at Stanford University. He is also a member of the Executive Committee of the Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection. He received his BA and MD from Harvard Medical School, did a residency in Anatomic Pathology at Massachusetts General Hospital, and served as Professor of Pathology on the faculty of Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center until 1999. His research focuses on the development and function of mast cells and basophils (major effector cells in allergic disorders) and the design of animal models for studying the roles of these cells in health and disease. He has particular interests in the roles of these cells in anaphylaxis, food allergies, and asthma, and in the importance of mast cells and IgE in innate and acquired host defense against venoms. He was President of the American Society for Investigative Pathology (ASIP, 2005-2006) and belongs to several honorary societies including the Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (President, 2010-2014), Pluto Club (American Association of University Pathologists; President, 2018-2019), the National Academy of Medicine (currently, Chair of Section 4), and the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome. Dr. Galli received a MERIT Award from the NIAID/NIH (1995-2006), Scientific Achievement Awards from the International Association of Allergy & Clinical Immunology (1997) and the World Allergy Organization (2011), the Rous-Whipple Award of the ASIP (2014), and the Karl Landsteiner Medal of the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology (2014).

Decoding neutrophils

My research interests have focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which innate immune cells, and their hematopoietic precursors, contribute to organismal physiology and pathology. As a postdoctoral trainee I developed and used live imaging modalities to study acute inflammatory disease and discovered the receptors that mediate early neutrophil recruitment, as well as intravascular signals that cause vascular occlusion and severe symptoms in sickle cell disease. In my first independent position at CNIC (Spain), my laboratory developed live imaging technologies and applied them to the study of thrombo-inflammation and the dramatic consequences in several organs, including the lung, brain and heart. We discovered new functions for innate immune cells, and demonstrated that circadian rhythms in the bone marrow are entrained in part by neutrophils entering this organ. We have been interested in defining the immune circadian clockworks that control leukocyte migration, transcription and release of toxic mediators, and underlies circadian defense and inflammation. We have extended our analyses to tissue resident macrophages in multiple organs, including the heart, and used imaging to identify mechanisms of mitochondrial homeostasis. Overall, our studies now to be carried out in my new position as Full Professor at Yale aim to define the fundamental organization and function of innate immune cells, from their development and specification under homeostasis, to their reparative or disease-promoting roles. In addition to my goals in research, I strive to mentor the next generation of scientists. I am committed to building an environment conductive to personal and professional growth of trainees at all levels, from the youngest undergraduates to seasoned postdoctoral fellows ready to start their independent program; to build an environment that fosters the passion for science while respecting other aspects of trainees’s life; and an environment inclusive of all beliefs and backgrounds, for example through the inclusion of undergraduate students from poorly represented Latin American countries in the past few years, and the organization of local meetings (in Madrid) that favored inclusion of the youngest trainees.

Oncofetal Ecosystem and Neutrophil Dynamics: Implications in Immunotherapy Response

Ankur Sharma leads the Oncofetal Ecosystem Laboratory at the Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Medical School at Curtin University. Ankur completed his PhD at the Indian Institute of Science (2014) with the Best PhD thesis award and postdoctoral training at the Genome Institute of Singapore (A-star). A trailblazer in single-cell genomics and spatial transcriptomics, Ankur's ground-breaking research has given rise to the novel "Oncofetal Ecosystems" field with a foundational paper published in Cell in 2020. This pioneering work has garnered widespread acceptance within the scientific community, making oncofetal cell profiling a routine task in the Liver Cancer Collaborative and across collaborative networks in Sydney and Singapore. The oncofetal ecosystem concept has received a resounding endorsement from the scientific and clinical communities, demonstrated by over 50 invitations for Ankur to speak at prestigious scientific and clinical events such as AGITG, GESA, Lorne Cancer/Genome, Oz Single Cell, Multiomics, EMBO, KSBMB, and ESMO. The impact of Ankur's research is already substantial, with the recent launch of the master observational trial TRACKERx (funded by the MRFF EMCR grant in 2022) and the investigator-initiated clinical trial PLANET2.0 (funded by the NMRC Large Collaborative Grant in 2021). Subsequent publications from Ankur and collaborators in esteemed journals such as Cell, Science, Immunity, Nature Cancer Reviews, and Genome Medicine further illustrate the significance of this work. CIA Sharma received funding from NHMRC Ideas Grant (CIA), MRFF EMCR grant (CIA), Liver Cancer Collaborative and start-up funds.

Mast cells in early life infectious and allergic diseases

Dr. Ashley St. John is an Associate Professor at Duke-NUS Medical School and PI of the Laboratory of Immunity and Immune Pathology in the Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases. She also holds appointments in the Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore and Pathology Department, Duke University. Dr. St. John received her B.S. in Applied Biology from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2004 and Ph.D. in Immunology from Duke University in 2010. Her research focuses on immunity to vector-borne pathogens. Recent projects have examined viral immunology, including understanding how mast cells contribute to immune protection and pathology during infection. She also has a long-standing interest in lymphotropic pathogens that target lymphoid tissue as a virulence strategy. Additional studies have focused on developing novel vaccination strategies, diagnostics, and therapeutics for infectious diseases.

Development of myeloid cells

Prof. Florent Ginhoux obtained his PhD in 2004 from UPMC, Paris VI. As a postdoctoral fellow, he joined the Laboratory of Miriam Merad in the Mount Sinai School of Medicine (MSSM), New York. He joined the Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR in May 2009 as a Junior Principal Investigator and became Senior Principal Investigator in 2014. He is now a Laboratory Director in Gustave Roussy focusing on pediatric cancers and the role of myeloid cells in tumor progression and became an EMBO member in 2022.

Basophils play a critical role in the resolution phase of acute respiratory distress syndrome

Hajime Karasuyama, MD, PhD, is the former Chair and Professor in Department of Immune Regulation (2000-2019), the former Executive Director / Executive Vice-president of University (2014-2020) and current Distinguished Professor of Advanced Research Institute at Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). He received MD in 1978 from Tokyo Medical and Dental University and PhD in 1984 from University of Tokyo. He was the scientific member of Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland in 1984-1987 and 1990-1995. He served as Head of the Immunology Department in The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medial Science (1995-2000). His current research focuses on the pathophysiological roles for basophils in the immune system, including the deleterious vs beneficial roles in inflammatory disorders (such as atopic dermatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and the protective roles in parasitic infections (ticks, helminths). He belongs to several societies including the Collegium Internationale Allergologicum, the American Association of Immunologists, Japanese Society for Immunology, Japanese Society of Allergology and Japanese Society of Hematology. He received the Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Prizes for Science and Technology (Research Category) 2014.

A molecular map of transitional cell states leading to granulocyte differentiation.

Dr. Grimes has a broad background in hematopoiesis, molecular biology and molecular oncology, including mouse modeling of hematopoiesis, myelopoiesis, marrow failure syndromes including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). He received a PhD in molecular pathology and immunology studying gene regulation with Maureen Goodenow (then at University of Florida). He then joined Philip Tsichlis (then at Fox Chase Cancer Center) when that lab was cloning novel genes activated by Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion mutagenesis (e.g., Akt, Tpl2). Dr. Grimes participated in the identification of the Growth factor independent-1 (Gfi1) transcription factor, its DNA binding specificity, named the “SNAG” transcription repressor domain, and genetically linked this domain to Gfi1-directed biology. The Grimes lab continues to focus on transcriptional integration of normal and malignant hematopoiesis, and has established multiple mouse models of human disease, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and more recently severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) and non-immune chronic idiopathic neutropenia of adults (NI-CINA) in collaboration with University of Washington colleague Marshall Horwitz.

The power of ONE: Immunology in the age of spatial and single cell genomics

Prof. Amit is a member of the organizing committee of the HCA (www.humancellatlas.org) and the European LifeTime flagship project (https://lifetime- fetflagship.eu/), both aiming to characterize all cells in the human body in health and disease. Over the past ten years, Prof. Amit's lab has led and pioneered the development of single-cell genomics and its application to the characterization of the immune system. Their research using these technologies has revolutionized our understanding of the immune system, identifying dozens of new immune cell states and their roles in physiology and disease.

The dual role of neutrophils at the onset of intestinal inflammation

Professor Irina Udalova is a molecular immunologist, who uses multi-disciplinary approaches in her research of inflammation, ranging from computational analysis of the genome structure to biochemical and cellular understanding of molecular processes to in vivo validation of their importance and pre-clinical validation of targeting strategies. She pioneered new concepts in understanding transcriptional regulation of the inflammatory response and has identified molecular switches which act as master regulators of myeloid cells, such as a unique set of transcription factors that control distinct stages of neutrophil responses spanning maturation, activation and survival during inflammation and tissue adaptation. Irina is the head of Genomics of Inflammation Laboratory and an Associate Director in Data Science at the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford.

Eosinophils promote homeostasis and host defense in the gastrointestinal tract

Isabelle Arnold is an assistant Professor and Head of the Mucosal Immunology Group at the Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland. Isabelle obtained her PhD in Cancer Biology from the University of Zürich in 2011, before joining the laboratory of Prof. Fiona Powrie at the University of Oxford, UK, as a post-doctoral fellow, where she began to work on intestinal eosinophils. In 2015, Isabelle moved back to Zürich as a junior group leader to investigate eosinophil responses to bacterial pathogens and cancer. In 2020, she was awarded an Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship and in 2023, a Consolidator grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation to pursue her research activities at the Institute of Experimental Immunology, where she is currently located. Her group is interested in understanding how eosinophils contribute to homeostatic and inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract, and which signaling pathways drive their pleiotropic activities. Her work has uncovered several new functions for this elusive cell type in immune regulation, host defense as well as cancer. She further recently applied single-cell transcriptomics to interrogate eosinophil heterogeneity in murine tissues.

Oral neutrophils – new kids on the block

Jadwiga Jablonska leads the Translational Oncology Laboratory at the Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Germany. After graduation from Microbiology Department, University of Wroclaw (Poland), Jablonska moved to Germany and obtained her PhD degree in Molecular Immunology from Technical University Braunschweig, Germany. From 2018, Jadwiga Jablonska is a member of the faculty at the University Hospital Essen. At 2023 she was appointed Associate Professor at the Medical Faculty of University Duisburg-Essen. Jablonska research focuses on the myeloid cell/neutrophil-dependent immunoregulatory mechanisms that are responsible for the progression of cancerogenesis and inflammation in the translational experimental setting - both in mice and human. Her studies for the first time showed the essential role of neutrophils in the promotion of cancer angiogenesis and their important role as immunoregulatiors in disease. She has published more than 50 papers, served several editorial boards and advisory grant committees. Except of the scientific activities, Jablonska supports and mentors young scientists (with a strong focus on equal opportunities and inclusion).

Eosinophils in skin homeostasis, inflammation and cancer

Dr Jessica Strid is a Professor of Cellular Immunology at the Department of immunology and inflammation, Imperial College London, UK. Dr Strid did her MSc degree at the Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Copenhagen. She did her PhD in immunology at the Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK with a focus on food allergy and skin immunology. Her PostDoc studies at King’s College London and Cancer Research UK were focused on autologous sterile stress responses in the skin and their recognition by resident immune cells. In 2012 Dr Strid became and independent group leader and joined Imperial College London as a Non-clinical Lecturer. The following year she was awarded the Wellcome Trust New Investigator Award and subsequently in 2019 the prestigious Wellcome Trust Investigator Award. Her group is also funded by CRUK and the British Skin Foundation. The Strid laboratory studies immune surveillance at epithelial body surface tissues, such as the skin, with a focus on understanding the role of tissue resident and infiltrating immune cells in regulating epithelial cell homeostasis, repair and carcinogenesis. The laboratory has a particular interest in the origins of Type 2 immunity and its role in immune stress-surveillance.

Small Intestinal Resident Eosinophils Maintain Gut Homeostasis Following Microbial Colonisation | The intestine harbors a large population of resident eosinophils, yet their function remains unkown. Microscopy, transcriptomic analysis, and mass spectrometry of intestinal tissue revealed villus blunting, altered extracellular matrix, decreased epithelial cell turnover, increased gastrointestinal motility and decreased lipid absorption in eosinophil-deficient mice. Mechanistically, intestinal epithelial cells released IL-33 in a microbiota-dependent manner, which led to eosinophil activation. Colonization of germ-free mice demonstrated that eosinophil activation occurred in response to microbes. Collectively our findings demonstrate a critical role for eosinophils in facilitating mutualistic interactions between host and microbiota and provide a rationale for the functional significance of their early life recruitment in the small intestine.

Nicola Harris completed her PhD in New Zealand then moved to Switzerland as a postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Nobel Laureate Rolf Zinkernagel, University of Zurich. In 2005 she joined the ETH Zurich as an Assistant Professor and in 2009 moved to EPFL, Lausanne. In 2012 she gained a prestigious ERC starting grant and was promoted to Associate Professor. In 2018 she moved to the Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash laboratory, where she is lab head and NHMRC research fellow. Her laboratory studies type intestinal immune responses with a particular focus on understanding their role in protection, physiology and wound repair/tissue regeneration.

Functional aspects of the mast cell specific chymase

I received a BSc in molecular biology in 1990. Thereafter I pursued a PhD in molecular immunology with Lars Hellman at Uppsala University (UU), Sweden. I then received postdoctoral training with Irwin Davidson (years 1998-2000) at Institut de génétique, biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC, headed by Pierre Chambon), Illkirch, France, and with Ted Ebendal at UU (years 2000-2001), where I also was head of the UU transgenic facility (UUTF) (until mid 2002). In 2002 I joined as assistant professor of functional genomics with Gunnar Pejler, at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and, became associate professor (docent) of biochemistry 2005. Between 2007 and 2010 I was associate professor at the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), UU. Since 2011 I have worked as an associate professor and senior lecturer of Immunology at the department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), SLU. My research focuses mainly on the role of the serglcyin-dependent mast cell proteases and I have developed new animal models for studying the impact of these proteases in health and disease. Here I nourish a special interest in experimental models of parasitic infections and cancer, to evaluate the counter active measures provided by serglycin-dependent mediators. Currently I am investigating the impact of roundworm extracellular vesicles in host parasite interactions as well as the functional role of serglycin in human and canine cancers using CRISPR/CAS9-methodology.

Human and mouse neutrophils under physiological and pathological circumstances

From 1990-1996 I studied biochemistry at the universities of Würzburg and Witten/Herdecke. During my PhD in immunology (1996-1999) with Peter Friedl, I came into contact with the importance of immune cell migration and cell-cell communication, at that time still with T cells, B cells and dendritic cells, but already with a view on neutrophils. My postdoc in the laboratory of Stephan Grabbe (University of Münster, 1999-2002) focused on the immunological synapse, which was also an important aspect of my work as a junior research group leader at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research in Braunschweig (2003-2007). I then moved to the University of Magdeburg to the institute of Burkhart Schraven as assistant professor of molecular immunology (2007-2011). During this time, we developed the catchup mouse model. In 2011, I accepted an appointment at the University of Duisburg/Essen to found and lead the Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging. Since 2019, I also head the department of Biospectroscopy at the Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences -ISAS in Dortmund. Since my move to Essen, the lab is very much focused on the biology of murine and human neutrophils in all aspects. Besides new animal models, we are also developing novel microscopy for high throughput analyses of human neutrophils and with the help of Albert Sickmann at ISAS the molecular analysis of few cells from biological tissues.

New concepts of neutrophil maturation: a matter of location

Oliver Soehnlein is Professor of Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation and Director of the Institute of Experimental Pathology at the University of Münster, Germany. He received his M.D. in 2004 from the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen, Germany, and his Ph.D. in 2008 from the Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. He is currently serving as European Coordinator of a transatlantic Leducq Network on Clonal Hematopoiesis and is speaker of the DFG-funded collaborative research center TRR332 ‘Neutrophils: origin, fate & function’. Oliver Soehnlein’s research focuses on understanding the role of neutrophils in vascular inflammation. Based on this understanding he aims at designing tailored therapeutic approaches.

Tracking neutrophils around the body during injury and repair.

A professor in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at the Cumming School of Medicine, Paul was the founding director of the Snyder Institute from 2008-2021. He has led UCalgary’s research strategy for Infections, Inflammation, and Chronic Diseases in the Changing Environment (IICD) since 2015 and held the Canada Research Chair in Leukocyte Recruitment in Inflammatory Disease until its completion. Paul is recognized for establishing several of UCalgary’s most innovative research facilities, notably the International Microbiome Centre, the newly refurbished Level 3 facility and the Live Cell Imaging Centre. These facilities have put UCalgary and the Snyder Institute on the map as a world-class location for research excellence. Dr Kubes has had numerous ground-breaking contributions to inflammation research including in mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking, sterile immunity, control of bacterial infection and sepsis, cavity macrophages and injury repair, and the roles of neutrophil extracellular traps in infection control. His work has investigated inflammatory responses in numerous organs including liver, lung, skin, brain and peritoneal cavity. He has published in the highest profile journals including Nature, The Lancet, Cell, Science, Cell Host Microbe, Nature Immunology, Blood, and many more.

Reprogramming the neutrophil

I am a Professor of Respiratory Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Honorary Consultant Physician, NHS Lothian and Co-Director of the Edinburgh Clinical Academic Training Scheme. I undertook my medical training at the University of Edinburgh graduating in 1997, and an MRC training fellowship at the University of Cambridge with award of my PhD in 2004. My specialist training in Respiratory Medicine was in Sheffield, where I also held a Wellcome Intermediate Fellowship, prior to my move to Edinburgh as a Wellcome Senior Clinical Fellow. During this time, I had two periods of maternity leave. I am currently based in the Centre for Inflammation Research in the Institute for Regeneration and Repair in Edinburgh. My work is focused on understanding how local oxygen and nutrient availability in the inflamed environment can reprogram neutrophil behaviour in both acute and chronic inflammatory lung disease states.

The heterogeneity of erythroid precursors and their related disease.

Dr. Shi received her Ph.D degree from Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences majoring physiology. She gained her postdoc training at University of Michigan Medical School. After that, she established her lab in institute of Hematology, CAMS/PUMC in Tianjin, China. Her group focuses on the molecular regulatory mechanism of normal erythropoiesis and the pathogenesis of red cell diseases. She has since published more than 40 papers in scientific journals including Nat Immunol, Cell Stem Cell (2021a, 2021b), Nat Med, Nature Communications et al.

Deciphering how diet and aging impact neutrophil biology and their role in disease with zebrafish

Dr. de Oliveira is an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Medicine (Hepatology) at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx (NY-USA). Dr. de Oliveira was part of a pioneer group of researchers that in the early 2010s explored the unique capacity of the small vertebrate animal model, the zebrafish, to visualize neutrophils in vivo non-invasively. Her groundbreaking graduate work helped the community to fully establish this system to study neutrophil biology, and significantly increased our understanding of the intricated network of mechanisms that regulate in vivo neutrophil recruitment to injury and infection. After finishing her graduate work under the supervision of Victoriano Mulero's Lab (Univ.Murcia-Murcia, Spain) and Dr. Angelo Calado (IMM-Lisbon,PT) ) she moved to the US and joined Anna Huttenlocher's lab at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for her postdoctoral training where she won two highly prestigious postdoctoral fellowships, the EMBO long-term fellowship in 2015 and a Cancer Research Institute postdoctoral fellowship in 2016. This support allowed her to expand her models to study the role of neutrophils and macrophages in MAFLD and liver cancers (HCC and Fibrolamellar Carcinoma). In December 2019, she joined Albert Einstein College of Medicine and started her independent research program focused on deciphering the impact of diet and aging on neutrophil biology and their role in disease. Her research has been supported by multiple institutions such as NIGMS/ NIH (R35GM147416 and Equipment Supplement award), Cancer Research Institute, B+ Foundation, Fibrolamellar Cancer Foundation. In addition to her research, Dr. de Oliveira is strongly committed with women and student advocacy activities. She is the chair of the Montefiore-Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center Women’s Initiative Network and serves as the Associate Director for Student Support for the Ph.D. Concentration in Clinical Investigation (PCI) program. She is also the founder and coordinator of a new effort supported by Society for Leukocyte Biology called Building Bridges in Leukocyte Biology Webinar which main goal is to increase diversity, equity and inclusivity in the leukocyte community providing a safe platform for trainees and junior scientists from underrepresented groups in science to showcase their work. In 2022, she was elected to represent the US at the Zebrafish Disease Model Society (ZDMS) Board of Directors and serves as an active member of the ZDMS DEI committee.

Multifaceted Reactions of Mast Cells to Infection

For the past 40 years, Dr. Abraham’s research has focused in the area of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology. He has sought to understand the molecular aspects of how various microbes initiate and sustain infections and with this knowledge, develop new and efficacious strategies to prevent or treat infections. This investigator has made major discoveries in the field of microbial pathogenesis and immunology including the critical role played by mast cells in initiating innate and adaptive responses to various microbial infections. Dr. Abraham is the recipient of an NIH Merit Award and is an elected Fellow of the American Society of Microbiology and Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. Abraham has published over 180 peer reviewed articles and holds several international patents. He has a long history of mentoring trainees many of whom now hold prominent positions in Academia and Industry in the US and abroad.

Neutrophil-venular wall interactions in vivo: Mode, mechanisms and impact of age

Sussan Nourshargh is a pharmacologist who studied at University College London (BSc) and King’s College London (PhD) and became Professor of Immunopharmacology at Imperial College London in 2006. In 2007 she joined the Faculty of Medicine at Queen Mary University of London, UK, to establish and head a new Centre focusing on Microvascular Research. Her research, largely funded by the Wellcome Trust, the UKRI Medical Research Council and the British Heart Foundation, aims to unravel the molecular and cellular events involved in leukocyte trafficking. Specifically, through the application of high-resolution in vivo imaging modalities she has made seminal contributions to the field of neutrophil transmigration. Sussan Nourshargh is Fellow of the UK Academy of Medical Sciences and the British Pharmacological Society and has acted as committee member for numerous national and international funding bodies, societies, editorial and scientific advisory boards and has been recipient of multiple prestigious awards.

Cebp1 and Cebpβ transcriptional axis controls eosinophilopoiesis in zebrafish.

I am currently a Professor and PI of School of Medicine, South China University of Technology. I am serving as the Vice Chairman of the China Zebrafish Society and as a member of the Chinese Association for Blood Science. I earned my BA and PhD from Sun Yat-sen University, completed a post-doc at HKUST, and held the position of Professor at both Southern Medical University and later at South China University of Technology. My research focuses on the hematopoietic regulation mainly using zebrafish as a model. By utilizing hematopoietic-deficient mutants acquired through forward and reverse genetics, I am interested in uncovering novel biological mechanisms underlying hematopoietic regulation, and in establishing related blood disease models for pathological and translational studies.